Operant conditioning, also known as instrumental conditioning - AI generated Ggl search summary

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Operant conditioning, also known as instrumental conditioning, is a type of learning where voluntary behaviors are modified by their consequences. It focuses on how actions are influenced by the environment, with behaviors either increasing or decreasing based on the outcomes that follow them. These consequences can be reinforcements, punishments, or simply the absence of either, influencing the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Key Concepts:

• Reinforcement:

  Increases the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcement can be positive (adding something desirable, like a treat) or negative (removing something undesirable, like a loud noise). 
• Punishment:

  Decreases the probability of a behavior being repeated. Punishment can be positive (adding something undesirable, like a shock) or negative (removing something desirable, like privileges). 
• Extinction:

  When a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, it eventually fades and disappears. 

Examples:

• Positive Reinforcement:

  A child receiving praise for finishing their homework is more likely to complete assignments in the future. 
• Negative Reinforcement:

  A person turning off an alarm clock to avoid being woken up is more likely to turn off alarms in the future. 
• Positive Punishment:

  A child getting a spanking for hitting their sibling is less likely to hit their sibling in the future. 
• Negative Punishment:

  A child losing their video game privileges for misbehaving is less likely to misbehave in the future. 

Applications:

• Training:

  Used to train animals (like dogs and pigeons) to perform specific actions. 
• Behavioral Therapy:

  Used in therapy to address maladaptive behaviors and increase desired behaviors. 
• Education:

  Used in classrooms to reinforce good behavior and discourage disruptive actions. 
• Everyday Life:

  Operant conditioning principles are used to shape a wide range of behaviors, from learning new skills to overcoming bad habits.